Understanding China’s Export Controls

Over the past decade, export controls have evolved from a specialised arms control and non-proliferation tool to a comprehensive mechanism for the maintenance of strategic economic advantages in the competition between great powers. China has played a central role in this process, first primarily as a target for export controls imposed by the United States, […]

Fabricating the Facts: Disinformation and AI in Taiwan

Artificial intelligence is reshaping how disinformation spreads. This report examines how AI intersects with contested information flows in Taiwan, one of the world’s most targeted democracies when it comes to foreign influence and digital manipulation. Drawing on interviews with fact-checkers, policymakers, digital literacy advocates, and analysts, the study explores how Taiwanese society understands and responds […]

Towards a Zimbabwean Lithium Industry

The African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) signed on 21 March 2018 represents Africa’s industrialization ambitions. To increase intra-African trade, governments are enacting value-addition policies that target their current raw mineral exports which collectively account for 70% of the continent’s global exports. By processing raw minerals, states seek to earn more from their exports and […]

Evaluating Data Security in Chinese Drones and Smart Vehicles

This report reviews whether China’s legal frameworks for data governance create or increase risks for Dutch and European companies, individuals, infrastructure and national security, whether the Chinese government can leverage this legislation to affect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of personal and corporate data of Dutch and European citizens, companies, organizations and government bodies. Its […]

Internationalization of the RMB: Status, Options and Risks

The internationalization of the Renminbi (RMB) is a long-term project that has evolved gradually through a series of policy initiatives, infrastructure developments, and external shocks over the past few decades. This report aims to answer three sets of questions: The main conclusion of the report is that the international use of the RMB has seen […]

China’s Strategy for Global AI Governance

This report equips foreign policymakers with a clearer understanding of China’s artificial intelligence (AI) strategy in this evolving regulatory landscape. When OpenAI released ChatGPT in November 2022, the impact and practical applications of AI—particularly Large Language Models (LLMs)—became significantly more tangible through its widespread success. More recently, the development of open-source LLMs by DeepSeek, a Chinese […]